HIV-associated nephropathies refer to a group of kidney disorders that are specifically associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. These conditions are characterized by kidney dysfunction and damage, which can manifest in various ways.
One common type of HIV-associated nephropathy is called HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). It is a progressive kidney disease that affects individuals with advanced HIV infection, particularly those of African descent. HIVAN is characterized by severe damage to the filtering units of the kidneys, known as the glomeruli. This damage is typically caused by the presence of HIV virus within certain renal cells, leading to inflammation and scarring.
Another type of HIV-associated nephropathy is immune complex kidney disease. This occurs when immune complexes, which are abnormal clusters of antibodies and antigens, accumulate in the kidneys. The presence of HIV infection can predispose individuals to the formation of these immune complexes, leading to kidney inflammation and dysfunction.
Other HIV-related factors can also contribute to the development of nephropathies, such as certain antiretroviral medications, opportunistic infections, and coexisting medical conditions like diabetes.
Clinically, individuals with HIV-associated nephropathies may present with symptoms including proteinuria (excessive protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), decreased urine output, swelling of the legs or face, and elevated blood pressure.
Treatment for HIV-associated nephropathies involves a combination of antiretroviral therapy to control HIV infection, management of blood pressure, and, in some cases, immunosuppressive medications to reduce kidney inflammation. In severe cases, where kidney function is severely impaired, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be required. Close monitoring and regular follow-up with healthcare professionals are crucial to managing the disease
