Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus belonging to the family of Lentiviridae that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a chronic and potentially life-threatening condition. HIV attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells (also known as T-helper cells), which play a crucial role in coordinating the body's defense against infections.
HIV transmission primarily occurs through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles or syringes contaminated with infected blood, or from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Upon entering the body, the virus multiplies and gradually weakens the immune system, making the infected individual susceptible to various opportunistic infections and certain types of cancers.
The progression of HIV to AIDS involves multiple stages. During the initial acute infection stage, flu-like symptoms may occur, but often go unnoticed. The virus then enters a dormant stage known as clinical latency, which may last for several years without causing any noticeable symptoms. However, the virus remains active and continues to damage the immune system.
Although there is currently no cure for HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively control the virus, resulting in a suppressed viral load and restoration of the immune system's functionality. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing the disease and preventing its progression to AIDS.
Preventive measures such as practicing safe sex, using sterile needles, and utilizing antiretroviral medications as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have proven effective in reducing the transmission of HIV and promoting overall public health. Education and awareness play a crucial role in preventing new infections and combating the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS.
