Myxomatosis virus is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease that primarily affects rabbits. It belongs to the genus Leporipoxvirus and is characterized by the formation of multiple skin tumors, severe swelling in the face, and the appearance of thick, white discharge from the eyes, nose, and genitalia. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, as well as by fleas, insects, and contaminated objects.
The word "myxomatosis" is derived from the Greek words "myxa," meaning mucus or slime, and "tomos," meaning cut or incision. This reflects the characteristic symptoms observed during infection, such as the development of myxomas or skin tumors and the excessive production of mucus.
First identified in the laboratory in 1896, myxomatosis virus was intentionally introduced as a biocontrol agent in the 1950s to manage wild rabbit populations, especially in Australia. However, due to its highly virulent nature, the disease quickly spread across rabbit populations worldwide, leading to devastating losses in both wild and domestic rabbits.
The primary mode of action of the myxomatosis virus involves attacking the epithelial cells of various tissues, leading to the formation of nodular lesions. These lesions primarily affect the eyes, nose, mouth, genitalia, and skin. The virus also causes immunosuppression, weakening the infected rabbits' ability to mount an effective immune response against the disease.
Due to the severe and often fatal nature of myxomatosis, there is no specific treatment available, and infected rabbits are typically euthanized to prevent suffering. Vaccination is used as a preventive measure in areas where the disease is endemic.
