A nephrotoxin is a substance that is toxic to the kidneys and can cause damage to their structure or impair their function. Derived from the Greek words "nephros" meaning kidney, and "toxikon" meaning poison, nephrotoxins can have various sources including medications, chemicals, heavy metals, environmental agents, and certain microorganisms.
When exposed to nephrotoxic substances, the kidneys undergo direct cellular damage primarily due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites or the formation of reactive intermediates that disrupt normal kidney function. This can lead to nephrotoxicity, a condition characterized by inflammation, injury, or dysfunction of the renal cells.
Symptoms of nephrotoxicity vary depending on the specific toxin and degree of kidney damage, but commonly include decreased urine output, blood in urine, swelling of the limbs or face, increased or decreased frequency of urination, fatigue, high blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances. If left untreated, severe nephrotoxicity may progress to acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Treatment of nephrotoxicity involves identifying and eliminating the source of toxicity, supporting kidney function, and managing associated symptoms. In some cases, medical intervention such as dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary to restore normal kidney function.
Prevention of nephrotoxicity involves minimizing exposure to known nephrotoxic substances, ensuring proper dosing and administration of medications, maintaining adequate hydration, and undergoing regular kidney function tests to monitor for any early signs of kidney damage.
