SAPHO, an acronym for Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis, is a rare and chronic complex disorder that primarily affects the bones, skin, and joints. It is a term used in rheumatology and dermatology to describe a group of conditions characterized by a combination of symptoms, including inflammation of the joints, acne-like skin lesions, and bone abnormalities.
The synovitis in SAPHO refers to inflammation of the synovial membrane, which lines the joints and can lead to joint pain and swelling. Acne, pustulosis, and skin lesions are commonly observed in individuals with SAPHO. These skin manifestations may include acne vulgaris, pustules, or psoriasis-like plaques. Hyperostosis refers to excessive bone growth, typically around the affected joints or nearby areas. Osteitis refers to inflammation of the bone, which can cause pain, tenderness, and even fractures.
The exact cause of SAPHO is not well understood, but it is believed to have an autoimmune component. The disease predominantly affects young adults and can lead to significant morbidity and functional impairment if left untreated. Diagnosis of SAPHO often requires a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI), and sometimes biopsy of affected tissues.
Treatment for SAPHO aims to alleviate symptoms, reduce inflammation, and improve quality of life. It may involve a multidisciplinary approach, including the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and occasionally biologic agents. Additionally, supportive therapies such as physical therapy and pain management techniques may be incorporated into the treatment plan
