A tumor suppressor gene is a type of gene that plays a crucial role in preventing the formation and development of cancerous tumors in the body. These genes encode proteins that regulate cell growth and division, acting as a natural defense mechanism against malignancies.
The function of tumor suppressor genes involves the control of cell proliferation, repair of DNA damage, and regulation of apoptosis (programmed cell death). They act as gatekeepers of the cell cycle, ensuring that cells do not divide uncontrollably or sustain genetic abnormalities that may lead to cancer. When these genes are altered or mutated, their normal function is disrupted, allowing the uncontrolled growth and division of cells, ultimately leading to the development of tumors.
Mutations in tumor suppressor genes can be inherited or acquired during a person's lifetime. Inherited mutations are present in every cell of an individual's body and greatly increase the risk of cancer development. Acquired mutations, on the other hand, occur spontaneously in specific cells and are responsible for the majority of cancer cases.
Some well-known tumor suppressor genes include TP53 (p53), BRCA1, BRCA2, and PTEN. Mutations in these genes are associated with an increased risk of various types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, colorectal, and prostate cancer.
Understanding the function and regulation of tumor suppressor genes is vital for the development of targeted therapies and diagnostic tools for cancer prevention and treatment.
